Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of progressive, incurable disorders characterized by the gradual loss of structure or function of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Common examples include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These conditions often lead to cognitive decline, memory loss, impaired movement, and in severe cases, complete loss of independence. The underlying cause of neurodegeneration varies by disease but typically involves the accumulation of abnormal proteins in the brain, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and genetic mutations. For example, Alzheimer’s disease is linked to the build-up of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles, while Parkinson’s disease is associated with the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms can progress slowly, making early detection challenging. Patients may experience subtle memory lapses, mood changes, motor difficulties, or speech problems. As the disease advances, quality of life declines, and intensive care becomes necessary. Although no cure currently exists, treatments focus on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression. Approaches include medications, physical therapy, dietary support, and in some cases, experimental therapies like stem cells or gene editing. Research is ongoing to uncover the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration and discover new treatment options. Preventive strategies such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, cognitive engagement, and managing chronic conditions (like diabetes and hypertension) may reduce risk. Understanding and addressing neurodegenerative diseases is crucial for aging populations and global public health.