Eye health is a vital component of overall well-being, as vision plays a central role in daily functioning, independence, and quality of life. The eye is a highly specialized organ, susceptible to damage from internal and external factors that can lead to conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts. Four primary contributors to declining eye health include oxidative stress, retinal degeneration, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction.Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the eye, which can damage the retina and lens proteins, contributing to diseases like AMD and cataracts. Retinal degeneration involves the deterioration of photoreceptor cells, often associated with aging or genetic disorders, leading to vision loss. Inflammation plays a dual role—while it is part of the body’s immune response, chronic ocular inflammation can damage retinal tissues and accelerate disease progression. Vascular dysfunction, particularly affecting the delicate capillaries of the retina, is a key factor in diabetic retinopathy and other ischemic eye diseases. Maintaining eye health requires a multifaceted approach, including a nutrient-rich diet (high in lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamin A, C, E, and omega-3 fatty acids), regular eye exams, blood sugar control for diabetics, protection from UV radiation, and avoiding smoking. Advances in systems biology and in silico modeling offer promising avenues for identifying molecular targets and developing personalized therapies to prevent or reverse ocular diseases. As life expectancy increases, proactive management of eye health becomes essential to preserving vision and enhancing quality of life.